Care and Compassion in the Nursing Profession Essay

Honor Code: As a student, I have neither given nor received aid/help on this assignment. Caring and Compassion in the Nursing Profession Nursing is a physically and emotionally demanding job. There are six virtues that should be followed when working as a nurse. Caring and compassion can be viewed as â€Å"nursing’s most precious asset† (Schantz, 2007). Caring and compassion are two different characteristics with similar meanings. Caring is defined as showing kindness or concern for others (Oxford, 2013). Compassion is defined as sympathetic pity and concern for the sufferings or misfortunes of others (Oxford, 2013). Some people choose nursing as their job because their desire to care for others. Being a caring individual allows you to make a therapeutic relationship with a patient. When a patient feels cared for; emotionally they develop trust and self-worth. Caring requires you to physically meet your patient needs. When a patient has a sense a being cared for they may be more willing to participate. Most nurses have a certain mindset as â€Å"Do unto others as you would want done unto you† (Watson, 1988). Along with caring, compassion is reason why people desire to be nurses. Compassion is not sympathy you show toward a patient in need, but rather the sympathy that causes you to act on an inner desire to help that patient (Hart, 2011). When showing compassion it’s not doing things you are accountable to do as a nurse, but doing it because you are urged to do it as a human being to make a difference. All six virtues define nursing characteristic as a whole, but caring and compassion are key things to have when treating patients as nurses. To maintain a high quality of health care revolves around caring and compassion. It makes a big difference to have compassion in your heart to  care for others. Caring and compassion can have such a good impact on a patient to warthere he/she will gain self-worth and dignity. References Caring. (n.d). In Oxford online dictionary. Retrieved from http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/caring Compassion. (n.d). In Oxford online dictionary. Retrieved from http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/compassion Hart, M. (2011). Compassion: A Necessity For Quality Nursing Care. Retrieved from http://www.anurseiam.com/show_winners.php?winning_nurses_id=57 Schantz, M. (2007). Compassion: a concept analysis. Nursing Forum, 48-55. Retrieved from http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice/clinical-zones/management/compassion-in-nursing-1-defining-identifying-and-measuring-this-essential-quality-/5006242.article Watson, J. (1988). New dimensions of human caring theory. Nursing Science Quarterly, 175-181. Retrieved from http://rnjournal.com/journal-of-nursing/caring-and-the-professional-practice-of-nursing

Sula by Toni Morrison

Sula by Toni Morrison, is a book about a black female and the various events throughout her life. The majority of these events were at the fault of Sula, but because of her past she did not know, or could not understand any better. Sula became the woman that she was because of the people and events that were around her during her childhood. When Sula was a child, she grew up faster than most children because of the things that she saw and heard, so it was almost as if she had a loss of childhood. When Sula was only three years old, her father died. Although this may not have had a direct effect on Sula because of how young she was, her mother, Hannah, was left without a husband and with an unquenchable thirst for â€Å"maleness† (Bukisa). This passion for men led to Hannah having many affairs with different men but never building real relationships with them. Sula, being as curious as any child, often watched these interactions, or at least saw the aftereffects of these interactions, and understood that her mother found pleasure in men. Another incident during Sula's childhood involves her listening in on one of her mother's conversations. One day Sula heard Hannah tell some other woman that she loved Sula, but that she did not like her. Hannah's comments about not liking her made Sula begin to think about love. These thoughts of love were her first real interaction with adulthood (Sparknotes). Hearing her mother say this made Sula realize that she could not count on anyone except herself (Begnal). Sula realized that love was not what she thought it was, and it made her feel insecure, but secure at the same time. She knew that her mother would not stop loving her, but that love was not the same thing that she had once believed it to be (Sparknotes). A third traumatic event that occurred during the childhood of Sula was the death of Chicken Little. Sula and Nel were out playing near a lake, when a boy named Chicken Little showed up. Nel teased him, but instead of joining her friend to tease Chicken Little, Sula defended him. Sula then began to swing Chicken Little around playfully. Unfortunately, Sula lost her hold on Chicken Little, and he went flying into the lake and drowned. The death of Chicken Little further drove Sula's loss of childhood innocence because it showed her how quickly life can be taken (Sparknotes). The immortality that most children believe they have, was then gone from Sula. She never even bothered to tell anyone what she did because, instinctively, she knew that society would misunderstand the incident and blame her for Chicken Little's death. Another death Sula experienced while growing up was that of her mother, Hannah. Hannah took a nap and dreamt about a red bridal dress. She tried to get her mother, Eva, to interpret the dream for her but before Eva was able to, a young Sula distracted her. Later, Eva looked out her window just in time to see Hannah getting ready to jump into a fire. Eva jumped out of her second story window in order to try to save her daughter, but it was too late. When Eva looked up, she saw Sula standing there, watching everything happen. This event holds extreme significance in Sula's life transformation into a woman for multiple reasons. First, Sula looked as if she were genuinely interested in the burning of her mother, almost as if she had enjoyed it. She was not concerned with saving her mother, but she just wanted to watch what was going on. Secondly, it made her grandmother resent her, because in some ways she felt that Hannah's death was Sula's fault. Because Sula distracted her from interpreting Hannah's dream, she was unable to stop Hannah from killing herself (Sparknotes). Her grandmother was the only family that she really had left, and because Eva resented her, it forced Sula to grow up even more rapidly. Sula's relationship with Nel was another major factor in her maturation into a woman. Sula and Nel were like each other's support systems (Bukisa). Throughout their childhood, Nel always supported Sula and vice versa, even though they were extremely different. Nel was conservative and brought up in a relatively stable home by a proper, lady-like, mother, the way their society expected, while Sula was raised in a home where people constantly came and went, by a mother who slept with different men on various occasions. These two completely different worlds were what drew these two young girls to each other (Bukisa). They were opposite in more than just their upbringing. Sula was rougher and tougher than Nel was, but her emotions were also inconsistent. Nel, on the other hand, was quiet, and normally had a steady emotion (Bukisa). It was as if these two girls were each one half of the same whole, making them inseparable. During their childhood, they shared everything, including boyfriends. All of these factores contributed to Sula's personality and actions as an adult. Sula as an adult had problems with love, recognizing boundaries, and fitting in. Sula lacked the ability to love because of her family, mainly her mother. Hearing Hanna say that she loved Sula but did not like her made Sula believe that love was something that was forced upon people, instead of a choice. Sula's personality was much too independent to be forced to do anything, so she decided not to love at all. The closest she ever even came to love was with a man named Ajax, but he eventually left her which did nothing but assure Sula that she should not love. Eva's resentment of Sula also convinced Sula that love was not an emotion worth pursuing. If her own family could not love her, then there was no reason for her to love anyone, including her family. Her boundaries issue was also caused by her mother, but Nel contributed to it as well. Her mother's contribution was brought about in the way she slept with the husbands of wives around the community. Seeing her mother have no respect for the bond between a husband and a wife, Sula began to think that it was all right for her to do the same. Sula's relationship with Nel was a cause of this boundary issue as well. Because Nel and Sula had shared virtually everything throughout their lives, Sula believed that that would never change. She thought that her and Nel's bond was never going to change no matter what happened or what they shared. This thought process led Sula to sleep with Nel's husband during a moment of weakness and then act as if everything would be perfectly fine. Once Sula realized that Nel was mad at her she was confused because she thought that they could share anything (Schmoop). Sula's third issue, of fitting in, was not one that she was too concerned about. Also related to her childhood, Sula had seen that fitting in was not necessarily the â€Å"correct† way to live. Watching her mother as a child, Sula saw that life was completely enjoyable even while living outside what society considered to be acceptable. Sula lived with no regrets and did not care what anyone thought of her. Ten years after leaving home, Sula returned to visit her grandmother ,Eva. During their conversation, Eva brought back memories of Hannah's death , so Sula put her into a nursing home. Even though society looked upon this action as being cruel, Sula did not see it as being so, and did not care that society did (Sparknotes). As flawed as Sula was, she never surrendered to falseness or fell into the trap of conventionality in order to keep up appearances or to be accepted by the community. As Morrison notes of her, â€Å"She was completely free of ambition, with no affection for money, property or things, no greed, no desire to command attention or compliments ? no ego† (Cliffsnotes). The women of the community hated her particularly because she was living criticism of their own dreadful lives of resignation (Cliffsnotes). She refused to settle for the traditional role that most women in her communtiy had, so they felt threatened and saw Sula as a witch (Begnal). being seen as a witch would bother the average person, but because Sula did not care about fitting in, she simply brushed it off. As an adult she showed less emotion than she did as a child because to her, emotions were just a something to occupy time (Sparknotes). Sula's transformation into a woman is a remarkable result of her upbringing. The way she let nothing get to her, and did not change for the next person, can all be explained by understanding her adolescence. She was, in a way, a direct result of her environment. From her loss of childhood and her friendship with Nel, came the woman that she was on the day that she died, unbothered.

Assessment item 3 Individual Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Assessment item 3 Individual Report - Essay Example largely based on the technological aspect of the business as the more advance the industry and the components are, the more competitive the business can become. So far, the business has been dominated by very few of the companies and it will not be unjust to say that out of all the companies, one company has maintained the most of the share in the market and is considered as the greatest producer of software and other concerned products. That company is the company of Microsoft which has given this business a shape of a Monopoly by dominating the revenues and the products thus controlling the prices and quality of the goods and services produced by it. Since the commencement of the technological era and the advancement in the field of computers and software generation, there has been vast interpretations and scrutiny relating to the market arrangement, pricing and strategic performance of the software development companies. Every time an innovative advancement come up and grows into a vibrant growth approach the initial participants expand enormous benefits as they become the first to add to the practice, the invested resources and the public Therefore, when challengers approach the market, they have to pull alongside prior to the fact that they can struggle to gain the same status. Microsoft can be said to be a good illustration of this fact. Microsoft developed into a monopoly for the reason that it was able to generate and put into effect worldwide data communication benchmarks for personal computers and they did it by producing series of operating systems and by presenting the type of mechanism that may well run their Operating Systems so their merchandise was able to be in each market place that they wanted it to be, thus making it a monopoly in the software business. (Linzmayer 1994) The software business makes Microsoft as a monopoly because of its character of having the advancements in the technology and the economies of scale which do not render

Managing capability of Ford Motor Company Coursework - 1

Managing capability of Ford Motor Company - Coursework Example The paper tells that capabilities of an organization can be segregated into two deliverables including threshold capabilities and capabilities for gaining competitive advantage. These capabilities are driven by tangible and intangible resources that constitute of threshold and unique resources. Moreover, competencies are also a critical aspect of capabilities which entail core and threshold competencies. A complete amalgamation of these aspects and a well-organized organizational outlook can facilitate companies to manage capability for gaining the sustainable competitive advantage. Ford Motor Company has emerged as one of the major sustainable companies in the automobile industry which make utmost use of its resources and capabilities to derive competitive advantages. The company has focused on providing exceptional values to its customers all over the world. It has a unique combination of power and technology that makes its every vehicle a special one. A few of the very well known brands of Ford are Fiesta, Focus, and Fusion. Mobility Muse started Ford Motor Company in the year of 1903 with the investment of US$28,000. It used to manufacture classic elegant vehicles but now with the advancement of technology and in keeping with evolving trends, it is presently manufacturing high-tech business class vehicles. It also helps newer drivers all over the world to become safer drivers. In terms of its distinct capabilities, from the handling of vehicles to the elegant exterior finish and superior luxury interior, in every single aspect, Ford has been mostly able to meet the expectations of the national as well as global markets. It also manufactures trucks and utility vehicles. It always focuses to create a strong business periphery to serve the world better. In this endeavor, it has been taking initiatives for the betterment of the society by way of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).

Personal experience essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal experience - Essay Example His other essay, â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† exposes the evils of imperialism for both local people and white settlers. In The Girl from H.O.P.P.E.R.S., Hernandez emphasizes that despite physical differences, people can find something that will connect them to one another. This writer can connect with the feelings of social inequality in â€Å"Such, Such Were the Joys† and social stratification and division in â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† and The Girl from H.O.P.P.E.R.S., but the same pessimistic Orwellian tone does not dominate her life because of the existence of strong family ties and friendships that helped her grow as a woman and as a human being. Personal experiences of social inequality are similar to these essays and the novel, where social class affected how people treated each other. Growing up as a middle class and studying at a private school provide similar experiences as Orwell’s â€Å"Such, Such Were the Joys.† He experienced being be aten up because of wetting his bed. He could not understand why something he could not control result to the head mistress, Flip, seeing that â€Å"the proper cure was a beating† (Orwell â€Å"Such† 1). The beating inevitably made him more anxious and increased his bed wetting woes. It is possible too that his restlessness comes from the feeling of not being able to fit into a posh school. Sambo wants to attract fame and money to his school: â€Å"One was to attract titled boys to the school, and the other was to train up pupils to win scholarships at public schools, above all at Eton† (Orwell â€Å"Such† 2). In doing so, he increases the gulf between Orwell and his richer classmates. The differences in treatment between the very rich and just affluent enough is clear. Orwell thinks about these differentiated treatments: â€Å"I doubt whether Sambo ever caned any boy whose father's income was much above ?2,000 a year† (Orwell â€Å"Such† 2). This writer feels the same brunt of being poor, although not entirely poor. Having studied in a private school, where many students are extremely rich, she feels left out. The school is not her second home, but a place to be judged and compared to others. Being different to the eyes of others because of physical differences and confidence is compared to The Girl from H.O.P.P.E.R.S. Rena befriends India, who thinks she is a â€Å"little monster† (Hernandez 14). As a midget wrestler, India is both cheered and jeered. In the end, she feels a small and helpless being with no friends and future. The writer shares the same helpless feelings, but not the lack of future. She manages to feel strong despite feeling small in a world that she feels is bigger than her. The writer feels the same negative way of seeing her difference; her strength has become her source of loneliness too. Social division happens because some people focus on differences in race, religion, political ideologie s, and gender. Being a strong and individualistic woman is considered abnormal, as in The Girl from H.O.P.P.E.R.S. Rena has the respect of people because of her size and strength. But like India, society sees her as a freak. This is why she feels empathy for India; they are the same in many ways, only in different packages. This writer understands how it feels to be socially alienated. It cuts into her identity, which could have made her just as miserable as

Jim Sharpe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jim Sharpe - Essay Example He has to find a business within the time period he has given himself. And finally time has to quickly adapt to this new role of his. He has to keep pace with the dynamics of the situation and keep increasing his learning curve. Sharpe is falling short of the capital required to make the deal. Thus he is going for a leveraged buyout. The upside of this way of transacting is the availability of liquidity and flipping. However, the second benefit is cut by the original owner. In case the business does not go well, Tim will be in whole lot of mess. The biggest culture change that he will experience is the unionized environment of his acquired company. Whereas previously in which ever company he has worked in there was zero tolerance for unionization. But in this company the previous owner has received quiet serious blows from the activities of the union. Tim is in a very tough situation and he needs the commitment of his employees to execute is turnaround strategy. If they do not comply with his orders than he would have much to lose as compared to his workers. If Press Alloy had been a subsidiary of large corporations than in it current situation, it would have been decide by the corporate CIO to put it out for divestitures or liquidate it. Tim might have received a comparatively lower price, because the people who are dissecting Press Alloy from the parent company are not looking to sell it at a profit. These people are happy with whatever they can muster. Their focus is to minimize the parent company’s losses arising due to Press Alloy’s unprofitable operations. The corporate guy responsible for the deal would have a minimum price to extract, whereas the original entrepreneur would be pricing the company according to the company’s earning potential, thereby shifting the paradigm of the entire negotiation

Teaching English as a Foreign language Assignment

Teaching English as a Foreign language - Assignment Example Secondly the immigration and migration rates to English speaking countries are quite high even after the low admittance rates existing in such countries. Therefore teaching and learning English as a foreign language has gained great impact. In view of this importance, the methodologies that are being applied are of great significance to people. We would see about ten techniques for teaching English as a second or foreign language in this essay. Firstly a brief introduction shall be conveyed about each of them and some significant applications they could carry out in assisting the teaching of English as a foreign language. Secondly the author of this essay shall share the methodologies that she feels best about using and the argument she has for these choices. The Traditional methods being studied include the direct method, the Audio Lingual approach, and the Grammar-translation method. Traditional methods have a history of focusing on grammar, structure, dictation, and appropriate handling and usage. The concepts though old are still not replaceable in all situations, and at one or the other time teaching English as a foreign language requires their application. Direct Method. The Direct method does not believe in translation and permits students to comprehend meaning directly through the language meant to be learned. Pantomimes and visual aids are used to augment the vocabulary and produce a clear picture of things pertinent to the words. All communication is emphasized to be in the target language. The interaction between the tutor and the pupil becomes more interactive. Practices such as perception of context using intuitive guesses and hints from the teacher or completing the fill- ins are common in this methodology. For example students studying English as a foreign language might be shown different picture cards of the things found in common usage or are part of usual knowledge, like picture cards of

Develop the skills of sustainability in the design of buildings in Essay

Develop the skills of sustainability in the design of buildings in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example his paper reveals the great benefits and the actual need for this type of construction to maintain the natural resources and to make our future cities friendly to the environment. Furthermore, this paper seeks to review the regulations of sustainability and design of green buildings in more than one country and organizations involved. Also under review are the plans that have been successful for the transition to sustainable construction, and the solutions that have been used for the development of sustainability in the cities both scientifically and practically. In 2012, at the third session of the Forum of Green Buildings, which was held in the city of Riyadh, capital of Saudi Arabia, King Abdullah, King of the country adopted an initiative for green buildings and he set many recommendations to facilitate the business for those interested in this type of project which is friendly to both the humans and the environment as a whole. Also, he recommended for shifts to the practices and foundations of professional cognitive, and highlighted the business and investment opportunities in engineering creativity and innovation fields within the Kingdom. After this initiative, action plans have been processed by the Green Buildings Chapter of Saudi Council of Engineers, where the Green Buildings Chapter has got financial support to achieve the recommendations in regards to the Kings initiative. In this literature paper, there is an attempt to develop the sustainability skills in the design of the buildings by Architects and Engineers who work in Saudi Arabia. According to the Secretary-General of the King Abdullah’s Initiative for green buildings, Faisal A., (Alarabiya.net.2013) the total investments in sustainable buildings (green building) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia which amounts to 100 billion riyals, was pumped in 76 projects. Out of the 76, 43 were in the city of Riyadh, which won the lions share, most notably due to the SABIC mining project. Also, he pointed

Packaging analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Packaging analysis - Essay Example This also ensures that the product is safe for consumption till its expiry date. It is one of the old and trusted brands; it creates value for its customers because a part of the money spent on this product is spent for children’s benefit. The product creates value for retailers due to the fact that Hershey’s is a well-known brand which is widely consumed by people of all ages; for this reason they are willing to invest in the product since profits are definite (KPMG, 2012). The package aids in promotion of the product since the makers are always inclined towards making something that works; the packaging is old and it has created an identity itself. Regarding the message communicated by the product, it can be said that it is one of the oldest, tasty and reliable brands of chocolate. The chocolate cover is similar to the color of chocolate. Moreover, the product describes it as pure and simple and that is their unique selling point. As far as the ethics and environmental sustainability is concerned, they are committed towards making and delivering the products in ways that ensures both environmentally sustainability and socially responsibility; they consider business of building a better world as one of their duties. KPMG (2012).  The chocolate of tomorrow What today’s market can tell us about the future. Retrieved from

The Tet Offensive through the strategic eyes of the Viet Cong and Research Paper

The Tet Offensive through the strategic eyes of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese - Research Paper Example However, the communist north decided to stage an offensive in what came to be regarded as the biggest attacks ever, since the Vietnamese war began. During this attack, the communists attacked major towns of the South to a tune of more than 100 towns, including the southern capital, while also spreading the attacks to over 36 provincial capitals of the south, using a brigade of more than 80,000 troops (Donaldson, 161). Despite the South Vietnamese and the USA army being caught by surprise, they responded to the offensive and eventually overcame the communists, although the whole scenario took two more months, with the worst occasion being the Battle of Hue, where the whole of the city was destroyed and thousands of residents, to a tune of 7600 executed by the communists, in what came to be referred as the Hue massacre (Collins, 42). There are three main aspects that have made the Tet Offensive stand out, in the whole episode of the Vietnamese war. First, the Tet offensive was launched by the North Vietnam against South Vietnam by surprise, allowing the communists to inflict more damage on the South, on the initial face of the offensive. Secondly, the offensive stands out as the largest military operation that was ever conducted by either the north or the south in the Vietnamese war. Thirdly, it stands out as the worst attack on the civilians, since the offensive did not only aim at the Southern Vietnamese and the USA armies, but also extended its attacks to the civilian command and control centers throughout South Vietnam, culminating with the horrific Hue massacre that left over 7000 civilians dead (Anderson, 183). Such a massive attack operation could not have just come on board, without efficient and effective planning and execution of the attacks. The Tet Offensive occurred at a time when the pressure was mounting on the USA military and government to consider dropping its involvement in the Vietnamese war, considering that close to 45% of the Americans beli eved that the war was not worth being pursued, mainly due to the losses it had inflicted on the USA, in terms of the number of the casualties of its soldiers, the increment in taxation to the citizens, and the lack of a slightest indication that the war was coming to an end (Robbins, 12). With such disgruntling within the public, and even some sections of the government and intelligence, the military command needed to act decisively in bringing the whole issue to a halt. The USA military command therefore reacted by mounting the success offensive in 1967, where it sought to assert to the public that the USA would win the war, and brings it to a speedy end. This was achieved through media propaganda where the army generals misled the American public on the capabilities of the Northern Vietnamese Army and the Viet Cong, by asserting that they were losing ground and therefore were not in a position to launch any major attack. To curb it all, and give more confidence to the people, the US army General called on the communists to try something, because the USA was actually looking for a fight (Donaldson, 155). Therefore, the anti-war sentiments by the American public, coupled by the underestimation of the communists ability

Tobacco and alcohol Negative Impacts Essay Example for Free

Tobacco and alcohol Negative Impacts Essay Today, controversial questions are now rising like â€Å"Are law makers being duped into thinking that legal drugs are the more dangerous, not because of their intrinsic qualities, but simply because they are more widely used?† and â€Å"Should not we be worried about what will happen when current illegal drugs are legalized and much more widely used?†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lawmakers claim that the legal drugs, alcohol and tobacco, are more dangerous than has been acknowledged and, in fact more dangerous than the illegal drugs like heroin, marijuana, and cocaine. (Van, 1984) Ideologically speaking it is discriminatory and unfair if alcohol and tobacco are freely sold and that illegal drugs are not. Empirically, alcohol and tobacco are medically more harmful than cocaine, heroin, and other illegal drugs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Around four hundred thirty thousand Americans die per year because of tobacco and more than one hundred thousand die because of alcohol. While illegal drugs only adds up to a mere three thousand five hundred a year. It is surprising that tobacco and alcohol kill hundreds and thousands of users and nonusers as well, counting victims of homicide, accidents and passive smoke.(Nadelemann, 1989). This only proves that tobacco and alcohol is almost one hundred fifty times more dangerous than illegal drugs. Criminalization makes illegal drugs harmful. (Van, 1985) Legalizing them will make them less harmful. Why? Their production and dosage will be regulated and will be standardized. These will sure have a dramatic reduction in mortality rate for illegal drugs. In terms of chronic medical effect, these drugs do not cause any medical pathology as compared with alcohol and tobacco cigarettes do. Any drugs cannot match the ravaging impact of alcohol in the liver and tobacco’s carcinogenic impact on the lungs. Reference Grinspoon, Lester, and James B. Bakalar. 1993. Marihuana: The Forbidden Medicine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. Nadelmann, Ethan A. 1990. Should Some Illegal Drugs Be Legalized? Legalization Is the Answer. Issues in Science and Technology, 6 (Summer): 43-46. Van Natta, Pearl, Henry Malin, Darryl Bertolucci, and Charles Kaelber. 1984-85. The   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hidden Influence of Alcohol on Mortality. Alcohol Health and Research World, 9   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Winter): 56-59. Weaver, Mary Anne. 1995. Children of Jihad. The New Yorker, June 12, pp.40-47.

Central african republic causes of poverty

Central african republic causes of poverty Introduction Poverty as defined by the United Nations is a denial of choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to feed and cloth a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow ones food or a job to earn ones living, not having access to credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities. It means susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living on marginal or fragile environments, without access to clean water or sanitation (UN Statement, 1998). The major areas of the world that are prone to the evil of poverty are the countries of Africa and Asia. There are many countries in Africa where the people are not able to meet their one ends meal. We can also see from the figure below that especially in the central part of Africa or Sub-Saharan countries most of the people struggle very hard to earn even $3-$9 per day and to make their living. Central African Republic (CAR) which is a part of Sub-Saharan African countries is one those countries where people face this problem. Central African Republic CAR, a former French colony of Ubangi-Shari became the Central African Republic upon independence in 1960. The Central African Republic ranks 171 as a poor country. The Central African Republic is classified as one of the worlds least developed countries, with an estimated annual per capita income of $310 (2000). While real incomes in Africa have risen ten-fold whereas they have been stagnated in CAR. Central African Republic has also seen no improvement on almost every indicator from health, education and governance to the ease of doing business. Causes of Poverty in CAR There are many factors that ignite the fire of poverty in CAR in which poor agriculture conditions and lack of adequate medical facilities are the main causes. Agriculture is the backbone of its unstable economy. Also the hospitals and medical institutes of CAR are unable in providing the good and necessary medical facilities. The other main problems with development are the poor transportation infrastructure, and the weak internal and international marketing system (US department, 1989). Lack of education and awareness is also one factor that hinders the development of the country by coming in the path of an individuals social life. Female are still kept apart with the bookish knowledge. Only 32% of the total female population was able to make it up to secondary school where as the adult literacy rate for men is 54% (UN, 2009). Economy Central African Republic has one of the least developed economies in the world. The GDP per capita here in 2008 is only $700 (CIA, 2008 est.). A major factor behind its bad economy is its landlocked position and misdirected macroeconomic policies of government. Income distribution is unequal throughout the nation. Although it receives grants from France and other international communities but its only enough to meet the humanitarian needs (Barro, Robert J., 1995).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GDP growth slowed to an estimated 2.2% in 2008 from 3.7% in 2007. The economy suffered a number of shocks that depressed activity and led to the disappointing result electricity outages, a plunge in timber and diamond exports, higher international food and fuel prices, and continuing social tensionsInvalid source specified.. Agricultural Conditions The Central African Republics economy is dominated by the cultivation and sale of food crops such as yams, cassava, peanuts, maize, sorghum, millet, sesame, and plantains. The most important export of the CAR is diamond that accounts 40-55% of export revenues, but an estimated 30-50% of the diamonds produced each year leave the country clandestinely. The shares of the three agricultural value-added sectors in Sub-Saharan African countries consist of 28% for export crops, 45% for cereals, and 27% for other agriculture (Janvry and Sadoulet, 2001, pp. 1). Poor economic development hinders the export trade, and the location of this country far from the coast. Most of the rural and urban women are indulge in the work of transformation of some food crops into alcoholic drinks like sorghum beer or hard liquor and derive considerable income from the sale of these drinks. In CAR, subsistence farming prevails. Only 4% of the arable land is cultivated each year and more than one in three childr en under the age of five are chronically malnourished.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The importance of food crops over exported cash crops is illustrated by the fact that the total production of cassava, the staple food of most Central Africans, ranges between 200,000 and 300,000 tons a year, while the production of cotton, the principal exported cash crop, ranges from c. 25,000 to 45,000 tons a year. Food crops does not constitute in the principal cash crops of the country because Central Africans derive far more income from the periodic sale of surplus food crops than from exported cash crops such as cotton or coffee. The Sub-Saharan African economies are remarkable for the large share of agriculture in GDP (47%), and hence the large potential aggregate growth effects derived from technological change in agriculture. For the rural poor, income derived from agriculture is 67% of total income, with the remaining 32% derived from wage earnings. For them, an agricultural commodity makes a large share (72%) of total consumption. Children and Women Sector The conditions of children and women are very pathetic in this country. They are often deprived of their rights. Children are unable to get proper and required education. They find it very hard to get even primary education. Women also work very hard in their homes to add some income for their family. Also one of the biggest evils that are in common practice here is children and women trafficking. The CAR is an origin for trafficking in children and women. Children are trafficked to Cameroon. Children from Chad, Nigeria, and Sudan are reportedly trafficked to the Central African Republic. There is also internal trafficking in the Central African Republic. According to the recent study of the United Nations Childrens Fund trafficking in African women and children that are done for forced prostitution or labor is caused due to war, poverty, and flawed or nonexistent birth registration systems. â€Å"Poverty aggravates already desperate conditions caused by conflict, discrimination, and repression, and unregistered children are easy to move between countries because they never formally acquire a nationality.†(Fowler, 2004) The study also found that the population which is most vulnerable to trafficking in Africa consist of 3.3 million refugees and 12.7 million internally displaced persons (UNICEF)(Fowler, 2004). Education system in Central African Republic is also a major factor that encourages poverty. Also only 50% of the children in CAR are enrolled in primary school. The other 50% lacks in opportunity to receive even the most basic education because of violence, poverty, or also because there are no teachers, facilities or materials with which to operate a school. With its Poverty Reduction Strategy, the Central African government has announced several goals that are intended to focus efforts in the education sector that includes achieving universal primary education, improving the quality of education in general, developing literacy programs, developing short professional training courses and professionalizing higher education. Also this sector is so important that it is also considered as one of the eight goals in Millennium Development Goals. The obstacles are many, but the past has shown that humanitarian organizations working in tandem with the government can achieve positive results (United Nations, 2008). Health Sector Life expectancy of its meager population 4.3 million ranges from 43.46 to 43.62 years. The major threat to the people there is HIV. People are at very high degree of risk to many other fatal diseases like malaria, hepatitis-A, malaria and rabies. As estimated in 2004 there were fewer than 3 physicians and 9 nurses per 100,000 people (Whiteside, A., 2002)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to United Nations approximately 11% of the population aged between 15 and 49 is HIV positive. About 13.5% of its population is at risk of AIDS. During 2003 approximately 23000 adults and children died of HIV/AIDS epidemic. Also by the end of 2003 about 110,000 children lost one or both of their parents to AIDS. The main reason that led to the deterioration of basic health services in the country is political instability and civil conflicts, thus weakening the national response to this epidemic (WHO, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the people Central African Republic earns a very low-income it is very hard for them to meet the very high cost of drugs that is needed for their treatment. There are concerns about the adequate availability of antiretroviral drugs and financial capacity to sustain the cost of providing antiretroviral therapy free of user charges in the public sector. Additional support is required for decentralization process to ensure that services are accessible at the district level.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During 2004-2005 WHO estimated that CAR requires between US$ 31.1 million and US$ 32.3 million to scale up antiretroviral therapy to reach the WHO â€Å"3 by 5† treatment target of 19 500 people (WHO, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A successful proposal which focuses on scaling up voluntary counseling and testing services, preventing mother-to-child transmission and improving access to antiretroviral therapy was submitted to the Global Fund by the Central African Republic to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria with a total funding request of US$ 25 million. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It can be seen that Central African Republic is facing many problems these days related from agriculture to health care system. As we can see that the major problem in front of the countrys growth is the HIV AIDS. Also government needs to come up with more effective development programs. Government and the localities should think to improve the backbone of its economy. Despite having some of the most fertile land in Africa, the agricultural sector in the Central African Republic (CAR) has languished severely. A combination of insecurity, a lack in security, trade routes, of infrastructure, tools and skills has conspired against a country otherwise blessed with natural resources. Bibliography V. T. LeVine, Political Leadership in Africa (1967). P. Kalck, Central African Republic: Economy (tr. 1971). Barro, Robert J., Inflation and Economic Growth (October 1995). NBER Working Paper No. W5326. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=225390 Jonathan Fowler, â€Å"UNICEF: Human Trafficking in Africa Fueled by War, Economic Hardship, and Lack of Birth Registration,† Associated Press, 23 April 2004. UN Statement, June 1998 -signed by the heads of all UN agencies.

Evidence Law Burden of Proof

Evidence Law Burden of Proof The legal or persuasive burden of proof is defined as the ‘burden of persuading the tribunal of fact, to the standard of proof required and on the whole of the evidence, of the truth or sufficient probability of every essential fact in issue’. In our scenario, the claimant will bear the legal burden of proving each element of his claim and this entitles him to call evidence first, giving evidence through witnesses, who will also be cross-examined. The legal burden of proof can only be judged in the light of all the evidence presented in a case, and this can only be done once the defendants have also presented their case. The prosecution has the legal burden to prove its case beyond reasonable doubt and to disprove beyond reasonable doubt the defences that an accused raises. In simple terms, there is an obligation of proving or disproving facts at issue. The burden is ‘legal’ in the sense that it is imposed by a legal rule and ‘persuasive’ in the sense that the party bearing the burden will lose on that issue if he fails to discharge the burden by persuading the tribunal of fact to the relevant standard. In Jayasena, Lord Devlin said that the prosecution discharges the evidential burden â€Å"â₠¬ . In Ching, reasonable doubt is described as a doubt to which you can give a reason as opposed to a mere fanciful sort of speculation. The evidential burden of proof is the burden of adducing evidence fit for consideration by the jury and there is the need to adduce sufficient evidence to satisfy a judge that the matter can be left to the jury to decide. There is an obligation upon both prosecution and defence to present sufficient evidence in support of their case. If the defence fails to discharge the evidential burden, the judge relieves the prosecution from the burden of disproving it. According to Lord Devlin, this requirement may be conveniently called ‘evidential burden’. The prosecution does not have to disprove every possible defence in advance, so if a party has an evidential burden, it does not mean that they actually have to prove anything. The prosecution discharges the evidential burden by establishing a prima facie case, that is enough evidence to entitle, but not compel, the tribunal to find in favour of claimant, had it been no further evidence. In this case, the claimant has thereby defeated a submission of ‘no case to answer’, while the defendant is not obliged to give evidence or call any witnesses. In established the principle of ‘golden thread’, according to which ‘throughout the web of the English Criminal Law one golden thread is always to be seen, that it is the duty of the prosecution to prove the prisoner’s guilt’. Where the accused pleads one of the exceptions, insanity, he bears the persuasive burden which is discharged on a balance of probabilities. However, if the defendant’s defence involves pleading issues, such as non-insane automatism, provocation or self-defence, the onus of disproving them rests on the prosecution. This formulation creates dif ficulties to juries as to the nature of reasonable doubt. As a result, a second formulation was put forward by Lord Goddard, the ‘satisfied so that you feel sure’. In Summers he stated ‘ if the jury told that it is their duty to regard the evidence and see that it satisfies them so that they can feel sure when they return a verdict, that is much better than using the expression ‘reasonable doubt’. When the defence bears the legal burden on an issue, they must prove it on balance of probabilities , as illustrated by Lord Denning in Miller. As the prosecution must disprove the defence ‘beyond reasonable doubt’, the defendant is required to demonstrate to a judge that a jury might have a reasonable doubt as to whether his defence will be disproved by the prosecution. The evidential burden will have been discharged if the defence was ‘a reasonable possibility’ worth leaving to the jury to consider, but not if ‘no reasonable jury, properly directed as to the law, could fail to find the defence disproved’. Therefore, the defendant must to call witnesses or give evidence to substantiate any defence and then it is for the prosecution to illustrate beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant did not act in self-defence and acted with the necessary mental element. Question 2 a confession is defined as inclusive of any statement that partly or wholly adverse to someone who made it, whether made to someone in authority or not, or made in words or otherwise. A confession may be oral, in writing, by conduct or in any other way of communicating information. As stated in, if the defendant accepts an accusation made by the victim of the crime, or by someone else who is on an equal footing, then to the extent that he has accepted it, the statement becomes his own. However, any breach of the procedure may be used as ground for excluding a confession. First, as soon a police officer has grounds to suspect that a person has committed an offence and wishes to question him, the necessary steps needs to be follow, including access to legal advice, as anything said is considered as evidence under. The admissibility and relevance of a confession are questions to be decided by the judge, whereas the weight to be given to the confession is a question for the jury. The defendant cannot be compelled to testify as this may be regarded as a breach of the legal procedure. If the witness is wrongly compelled to answer such a question, his answer may not be admitted as evidence against him at his later prosecution. Under the defence may represent to the court that the confession may to be obtained by suasion and should automatically excluded, even if it turns out to be true. As defined in the method of questioning may amount to oppression. For example, in the deliberate misuse of the truth about the defendant’s mother health by the police could amount to harsh or improper treatment and therefore oppression. Finally, the Court of Human Rights restated the importance of the right to silence and privilege against self-incrimination under Article 6 ECHR regarding access to justice and fair procedure. Pursuant, there is the legal advice privilege, according to which communications passing between lawyer and client, materials prepared for the purposes of litigation and advice given are privileged. To quote the words of Lord Taylor, ‘’, being sure that nothing will be revealed without his consent. It arises out of a relationship of confidence between lawyer and client. Thus, the privilege must prevail over purely procedural subordinate legislation. The only limitations imposed are in relation to the relevant legal context as held in Balabel and Three Rivers. Finally, it is submitted that no breach of confidentiality and no loss of privilege is involved when they are present during interviews or involved in preparing or transmitting communications with the client. Question 3 Opinion evidence is not admissible because it is for the tribunal of fact, and not for the witnesses, to form its opinion on the evidence. They must confine themselves to their personal perception of facts and not make any inferences from those directly observed facts. The opinion of expert-witnesses is helpful when the jury or the judge are unable to form an opinion based on bare facts and require additional expert assistance or when matters arise which concern other sciences or faculties. Although the ‘helpfulness principle’ of an expert witness has been criticized , expert opinion evidence to be admissible it must be able to provide the court with information which is probably outside of jury’s or a judge experience and knowledge, but it must also be evidence which gives the court the help it needs in forming its conclusions. There is no closed category where evidence cannot be placed before a jury, as ‘it would be wrong to deny to the law of evidence the advances to be gained from new techniques and new advances in science’ . An expert’s opinion in order to be reliable it have to be illustrated by admissible evidence. In Hodges was held that part of an expert’s experience and expertise might lie in his knowledge of unpublished material and in his evaluation of it. In R v Gilfoyle, the court suggested that if an opinion given by an expert may not be independently reconsidered by any criteria, this may to hinder its admittance. This is why provides that a jury shall not to make a determination [on unfitness to be tried]†¦except on the written or oral evidence of two at least medical registered practitioners. In our scenario, Dr. Khan’s opinion will not be admissible in evidence, because the method used is an innovative one, which cannot be independently reviewed yet and in any case it is essential that another registered medical practitioner confirms Dr Khan’s opinion. Question 4 (a)provides that ‘any person who without legal authority or presumable excuse and whereof the proof shoul lie on him, has into his possession any offensive weapon in any public area shall to be regarded guilty of violation †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. In R v Williams , it was concluded that imposes a legal burden on the defendant and it was then for the prosecution to make the jury sure that the appellant was not aware and did no has any reason to be suspected that it was readily convertible. Pursuant toan imitation weapon is one that looks as a such weapon; and it can be easily be converted into a weapon which a shot may be discharged. S. 1(6) mentions ‘readily convertible’ as requiring someone without special skills to converting it and for the work involved no tools or outfit other than such as are in common use by individuals performing manufacture and maintenance works in their own homes. The burden of proof on the defendant relies on the plea of diminished responsibility, as per section William has the legal burden of proof and to establish, on the balance of probabilities, that he has not been aware that the imitation firearm could be converted to fire live ammunition and thus he had no intention to use it and thus he may be able to rely upon this defence at trial. (b)In Bowers , it was held that clearly allows an adverse inference to be drawn from silence at a police interview where an accused had not given evidence, as to hold otherwise would permit an accused to preclude the drawing of such inferences by choosing not to give evidence. permits conclusion to be assumed when a accussed remain silent at the time he questioned. , the defendants silent was inadmissible, but the jury had to conclude to an unfavorable conclusion because of defendants silence at charge according to section 34(1)(b). Subsequently, this section cannot be applied to William case. In criminal proceedings, the general rule is that everybody has to be regarded innocent until guilty is proven. The prosecution has to illustrate that the defendant committed an offence by establishing ‘beyond reasonable doubt’ all elements of the violation. permits the jury and the court to conclude to such presumptions as may be regarded proper from the defendant failure or refusal to give evidence and answer any question without good reason. Conclusion is not permitted when the court understands that the mental or physical condition of the defendant makes him undesirable to provide evidence. Based on the 5-step test established in Cowan , if jury’s conclusion show that the silence only can appreciably be ascribed to the defendants no answers or none that would stand up to cross-examination, they may conclude to an hypothetical presumption. Also in , it was held that a jury had not directed that reasons might be provided for not giving other evidence than the in ability to explain or answer the prosecution case. Therefore, ay be able to be applied in our case. (c)Where a suspect disputes identification, the prosecution will have to prove that the defendant is, beyond all reasonable doubt, the person who committed the offence. This is because it has not been clear so far whether the statement that the accused person was the person who committed the offence is admissible as evidence, or merely evidence confirming the evidence of the identifying witness at trial. According to the admissibility of a witness statement about identification is based on whether the evidence are given to the best of his belief and he states the truth. Building on that, the Court of Appeal in Turnbull provided guidance regarding disputed identification evidence and specified that a mistaken witness possible can be persuasive, but notice is required if the prosecution depends fully on the regularity of the identification of the defendant which the defense claims to be incorrect. Also the jury must take into account all the conditions in which identification was made, such as distance, light, impediments, witnesses’ previous accusations and the time between original observation and formal identification. In our scenario, given the circumstances at the night of the crime, William can argue based on Turnbull that there is a high probability that the witnesses’ statement may be not accurate as they cannot be absolutely sure about what they saw.

India’s Road to Development and the Future Sustainability of the Econom

This year’s theme for Young Economist Students’ Meet (YESM) is Reviewing India’s Industrialization: Problems and Prospects. According to me, such a theme for a students’ seminar is very relevant at this point of time because it has been 65 years since the country’s independence and India is emerging as one of the biggest and fastest growing economies of the world. There are very many obstacles still which hinder this growth and there are other aspects of the Indian economy that are greatly advantageous. So, assessing the path of industrialization in India and the future of the country is very much pertinent in today’s context. Now, India’s industrialization can be divided into three periods, i.e. the pre British era, British era and the post British or modern industrialization era. Before the advent of European countries in India, India was famous for its handicraft products and large scale production of cotton, silk, dyestuff, jute, etc. Indian artisans were excellent at making metallic jewelry, household products and various other items. In fact, towards the end of the 18th century, India emerged as one of the major trading centers in the world. However, all this was to change once the Industrial Revolution was triggered in Europe. Factories in England were producing machine made cloth and these were much cheaper that the handmade indigenous ones. As a result demand for products of Indian craftsmen drastically declined and they soon ceased to exist. The deindustrialization of Indian industry was what followed. This process was further propelled by the colonization of India by the British. The strength of the Indian industry lied in its capability of producing cotton and other fabric materials and exporting it. When the Briti... ... This is highly damaging to the environment and the government in order to promote sustainable development must implement policies to curb such emission levels. Economic sustainability is a global issue face by all countries. How long can earth’s resources sustain the ever-growing demand of the masses? Unless, efficient and sustainable means are adopted, all of the natural resources are going to get exhausted. India has gone from an agricultural economy to one that is characterized by one of the highest growth rates. However, such a change has brought about problems in the form of income inequalities and environmental degradation. Hopefully, in the coming years, the country will learn to combat these obstacles and emerge as one of the economic giants in the world. â€Å"Mother Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s need but not every man’s greed†- Mohandas Gandhi. India’s Road to Development and the Future Sustainability of the Econom This year’s theme for Young Economist Students’ Meet (YESM) is Reviewing India’s Industrialization: Problems and Prospects. According to me, such a theme for a students’ seminar is very relevant at this point of time because it has been 65 years since the country’s independence and India is emerging as one of the biggest and fastest growing economies of the world. There are very many obstacles still which hinder this growth and there are other aspects of the Indian economy that are greatly advantageous. So, assessing the path of industrialization in India and the future of the country is very much pertinent in today’s context. Now, India’s industrialization can be divided into three periods, i.e. the pre British era, British era and the post British or modern industrialization era. Before the advent of European countries in India, India was famous for its handicraft products and large scale production of cotton, silk, dyestuff, jute, etc. Indian artisans were excellent at making metallic jewelry, household products and various other items. In fact, towards the end of the 18th century, India emerged as one of the major trading centers in the world. However, all this was to change once the Industrial Revolution was triggered in Europe. Factories in England were producing machine made cloth and these were much cheaper that the handmade indigenous ones. As a result demand for products of Indian craftsmen drastically declined and they soon ceased to exist. The deindustrialization of Indian industry was what followed. This process was further propelled by the colonization of India by the British. The strength of the Indian industry lied in its capability of producing cotton and other fabric materials and exporting it. When the Briti... ... This is highly damaging to the environment and the government in order to promote sustainable development must implement policies to curb such emission levels. Economic sustainability is a global issue face by all countries. How long can earth’s resources sustain the ever-growing demand of the masses? Unless, efficient and sustainable means are adopted, all of the natural resources are going to get exhausted. India has gone from an agricultural economy to one that is characterized by one of the highest growth rates. However, such a change has brought about problems in the form of income inequalities and environmental degradation. Hopefully, in the coming years, the country will learn to combat these obstacles and emerge as one of the economic giants in the world. â€Å"Mother Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s need but not every man’s greed†- Mohandas Gandhi.

Gatsbys Destruction :: essays research papers

Gatsby’s Destruction Gatsby’s destruction is caused by his inability to let go of a dream which cannot be realized: possessing Daisy Buchanan. He does not care so much for the person herself as the ideal she represents to him: true love and happiness. In the hopes of attracting Daisy, and in the hopes of becoming happy, Gatsby amasses a vast horde of wealth, and throws extravagant parties frequently: "At least once a fortnight a corps of caterers came down with several hundred feet of canvas and enough colored lights to make a Christmas tree of Gatsby’s enormous garden. On buffet tables, garnished with glistening hors d’oeuvre, spiced baked hams crowded against salads of harlequin designs and pastry pigs and turkeys bewitched to a dark gold" (page 44) Such grandeur would be more than adequate to please most people, but not Gatsby. He cannot be happy until he is with the ideal woman, in the ideal relationship. Gatsby’s greatest strengths as a character, and his greatest weaknesses, are his ambition, tenacity and discipline. At the end of the novel, we see that Gatsby has been this way since he was a child. His father comes upon one of his "resolve sheets" that he used to make. It reads: "Rise from bed..........................................6:00 A.M. Dumbbell exercise and wall scaling........6:15-6:30 Study electricity, etc..................................7:15-8:15 Work..........................................................8:30-4:30 Baseball and sports....................................4:30-5:00" (p.181) and so on. This, as Gatsby’s father says "Just goes to show you" (page181). It shows the reader that Gatsby was always destined for a lifestyle of wealth, but never destined to enjoy it. From childhood, Gatsby has been disciplined, ambitious, and tenacious. He was unwavering in his dedication to certain goals. Unfortunately, Gatsby’s ultimate goal was unattainable. Daisy comes from a family of great wealth and "old money". She is a member of an elite society of rich, snobbish people. Although she did not love her husband, she values the status and protection he provided for her. If she left Tom for Gatsby, she would lose this status and protection. Gatsby, although he is rich, is not "old rich". Because of this, he is looked down upon by members of Daisy’s class. Consequently, she would not leave her status for someone who she cared for. She thought her social obligations more important than Gatsby’s "true love". The arrogance of her class comes across as Tom talks to Gatsby, who is probably more rich than he is, but not of the older aristocratic class: " ‘She’s not leaving me.

Video Games and Violence Essay examples -- classical conditioning, pav

One of the main concerns with respect to violence in video games compared to other media is the fact that games are immersive, and interactive. They are repetitive, and based on a reward system which is a proven psychological component of classical conditioning discovered by Ivan Pavlov. This argument however has been going on since the days of the comic book in the 50's, and because of the graphic violence portrayed in them, parents blamed them for their children's bad behavior. It seems that blaming games, and other media in this way is quite a lazy view to take. Subsequently, it is really using game manufacturers as a scapegoat, while ignoring the bigger issue, the person who has committed this act of aggression or violence, and other issues that have brought them to this point. Apparently, according to a 2001 U.S. Surgeon General's report, the panic over video game violence is twice as harmful as it misdirects energy that could be used in helping kids with problems, and allows them to fester to the point where they break down, and act out in aggression. A more appropriate question would be "Do violent games inspire the gamer to cause violence"? If the game does make a person commit violence, then are they mature enough to be playing it in the first place? Does this mean though one learns to be violent from playing a violent game, any more than watching a violent film, or listening to an aggressive Hip-Hop or Rap song, and have a long term effect to make the player violent and aggressive in real life, where they may otherwise have been non-violent. A prison in Missouri seem to think that they do affect the player, as since 2004 they have been the first to remove them from prison privileges. Whether or not this has r... ...ey, n.p.: New York ; Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2007., University of Cumbria Library Catalogue, EBSCOhost, viewed 23 December 2013. Death Race. (2013) DEATH RACE (Video Game). [Online]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Race_%281976_game%29. [Accessed 21/12/2013]. Egenfeldt-Nielsen, S. S., Smith, J. and Tosca, S. (2013) 'Video Games and Risks', Understanding Video Games, Second Edition. New York: Routledge, pp 255-277. Springer. (2013) Video games do not make vulnerable teens more violent. Available at: http://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/springer+select?SGWID=0-11001-6-1433942-0 (Accessed: 29/12/2013). Wendy Stogner. (2007) Do Video Games Cause Violence in Children?. Yahoo Voices. Weblog [Online] 23rd May. Available from: http://voices.yahoo.com/do-video-games-cause-violence-children-359143.html?cat=25. [Accessed 29/12/2013].

Ethical Standards for Human Research Essay

Ethical standards in human research should be followed strictly as they encourage the participants of the process to get involved in experiment as far as these standards are met. The ethical standards ensure that the risks he/she can be exposed to are taken care of to ensure maximum benefit at the end of the exercise. While accessing risks to benefits encountered in the course of experiment one should determine how much risk is acceptable and how much benefit is necessary. The participant should be willing to accept some risks which one may encounter during experiment. These risks should not exceed the importance of experiment for they will be creating more harm to participant than benefit of the problem being solved. In determining the risks and benefits that participant might face one should ensure that the risks should not weigh the benefits. First, one should access the benefits since the participant can agree thee processes to continue based what benefits he/she can get as compared to the risks he/she is exposed to. If researcher seer that the risks are more than benefit he/she can discontinue the process and find a better processes which minimizes the risks and maximizes the benefit. One can determine how much the risks are accepted by the willingness of participant to undergo the processes. Benefits should be necessary since the participant cannot agree the procedure to be carried on which does not benefit him/her. How much risk can be accepted by participant should be kept minimal and one should allow the participant to give full voluntary to participants. Participants should also come out of the experiment unharmed. Deception in research should always be avoided at the participant may fail to undertake the process if he/she find out that he is being deceived in any way. But centrally to this deceit can be allowed in research under different circumstances. For example, when deceptive techniques are justified by the type of research one is carrying out. This can only be done when no other method without deceit can be applied. Also researcher should disclose all the aspects of research and should not deceive the participant on some aspects that can lead to him or her rejecting the research processes. Incase the researcher has no alternative and has to use deception; the participant should be aware of it and agree or disagree to carryon with the procedure out of his or her own will. The end never justifies the mean used to achieve it. This principle signifier that the way one terminate or come to an end of any given process its not always justified by the methods used to achieve it. This is because in the course of processed one can encounter some difficulties or end up creating some mistakes and if corrected, the final result do not incorporate the mistake done. An example in history where this principle was violated is the law that dealt with human protection. This law was meant to protect different groups, for example, children and prisoners, pregnant mother. Therefore in this procedures are just carried out which are meant to bring forth good outcome but this was violated since many researcher do not consider there different groups of people. Another example is Tuskegee Syphilis study where the researcher exposed the concept of justice. In this the benefits of study were restricted to those who could afford them and therefore less participation was experienced (Gilbert Horrax 1952). Various issues are presented when carrying out research involving human subject. There issues include: Invasion of privacy, Any study carried out on human should be taken with a lot of privacy so as not to expose the details of your finding. This encourages participant to be more willing to participate. Also the practice should be taken with a lot of confidentiality in that the findings are known between the researcher and the participant only. Other issues such as stress and discomfort should be avoided on participant and therefore the research should be carried out with a lot of ease.

Counselors as Companions and Ethics in Human Services Essay

In this article the counselor states: â€Å"I found that when working with such clients, my role as counselor is more akin to a special type of travel companion who is willing to understand and respect the process of walking along a sacred life path. This is the only way I can effectively help a client explore the deeper dimensions of the self that are being challenged. As the hero’s companion I must be willing to share in the client’s pain as well as new, and oftentimes unexpected, discoveries.† (Halstead, 2000) The counselor learned that he needed to be a companion not a guide. He also learned that no matter how hard a situation is or no matter how many times someone tells you that you cannot do something, if you have the willpower and want to, you can overcome anything you encounter on life’s journey. As the counselor, we must show the client that we are there for them and not tell them what they should be doing or how they should handle a certain situation. In the future, I feel the counselor will be more supportive of the decisions his clients make. As a counselor, we may sometimes feel that the client should do something one way and try to push them towards it but in the end the client really does know what is best for them. There are so many people like Steve in The Hero’s Journey, who are told they will never be able to do something and they work hard, overcome every obstacle thrown their way and prove everyone wrong. I believe that everyone we come in contact with changes us in one way or the other. I believe everyone has a story that can help the next person. I have a best friend who called me one day and was telling me about this girl she knew who had lost everything, kids, house, car, job, everything someone can  lose, she had lost it. My best friend starts telling me that this girl had turned to drugs, prostitution, living on the streets and had also mentioned suicide a few times. My best friend told me that she felt like if this girl was to hear my story then it would help her so I told her to bring this girl to my house. They get to my house and I immediately wanted to cry because when I looked at this girl, I seen what I looked like eleven years ago. She was about 5’11 and maybe 100 pounds, her face was sunk in and you could tell she had not had a shower in a long time. I got her something to eat and drink and then told her my story. I told her about how I was raised Pentecostal by my grandmother who taught me right from wrong. I never wanted for anything growing up and had a family that loved me just like she did. When I turned 18 years old, I started doing drugs, prostitution, being beaten almost on a daily basis by a man who I thought loved me, being rapped on several occasions, almost killed three different times, dying from a drug/alcohol overdose but the doctors were able to bring me back, being sent to prison while I was pregnant for something I didn’t do, having my son in prison and losing custody of him and how I turned my life around when I got out of prison. While I am telling my story to this sad and lost girl, she is crying the whole time and I know it is because she is just a younger version of me. I was told that I would never be anything but a failure at life and would never amount to anything but looking at my life now, you would never know that I had went through any of that unless I told you. Today, this girl has her kids back, a beautiful home, making about $50,000 a year, a husband who truly loves her and she says it is because my story gave her the strength she needed to turn her life around. When we got done that night, she looked at me and said, â€Å"Thank you for sharing your story with me, it has given me the hope and strength that I have been looking for to turn my life around. I wanted to end my life and just be done with it all.† That night she promised me she was not going to stop fighting and she didn’t. So yes, I believe with all my heart that most people you come in contact with change you in some way. Steve states in the article that, â€Å"I really grew up because of all this. Before the attack I was going nowhere. Now I have a direction.† (Halstead, 2000) His challenges gave him a greater sensitivity to others needs who were  recovering from strokes and brain injuries. (Halstead, 2000) I believe that having a counselor who believed in him also helped Steve to not give up. Steve had been told by doctor after doctor that he would always be limited to things he would be able to do. Having just one person tell him that he could do anything he put his mind to, gave him the extra push he needed to overcome those limitations the doctors had given him. I feel that both Steven and the counselor benefited from this relationship. When Steve’s psychiatrist called the counselor, I do not feel the psychiatrist had a right to discuss Steve with the counselor without his permission. I do feel the counselor did right by not going into details about his sessions with Steve and waited until Steve returned to school to speak with him about it. However, when the counselor seen that Steve was depressed and thinking about suicide when he received his fall semester grades, the counselor had a responsibility to Steve to seek help from someone else. In the Ethical Standards for Human Service Professionals it states that â€Å"if it is suspected that danger or harm may occur to the client or to others as a result of a client’s behavior, the human service professional acts in an appropriate and professional manner to protect the safety of those individuals. This may involve seeking consultation, supervision, and/or breaking the confidentiality of the relationship.† (National Organization for Human Services, n.d) If I ever have a client that is thinking about suicide, I will talk to my supervisor and ask for his help in coming up with a plan to help my client, maybe ask my supervisor to sit in on a session with me and talk to the client as well. Because of the personal nature of their work, human service workers at all levels are held to a code of ethics that protects the rights and dignity of clients and establishes standards of practice. (Sessoms, n.d) The National Organization of Human Service ethical standards places a responsibility on human service workers that have for their clients, the community, colleagues, employers, the profession and the human service worker themselves. The National Association of Social Workers approaches ethics through a core set of values, which include service, dignity and worth of the person, social justice, integrity and competence. (Sessoms, n.d) Reference Halstead, R. W. (2000). FROM TRAGEDY TO TRIUMPH: COUNSELOR AS COMPANION ON THE HERO’S JOURNEY. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.lib.kaplan.edu/eds/detail?vid=2&sid=5b062172-ddf2-4c9d-a107-d6387c05f54b%40sessionmgr198&hid=115&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=aph&AN=2768884 National Organization for Human Services. (n.d.). Ethical Standards for Human Service Professionals. Retrieved July 5, 2014, from http://www.nationalhumanservices.org/ethical-standards-for-hs-professionals Sessoms, G. (n.d.). Code of Ethics for Human Service Workers. Retrieved July 5, 2014, from http://http://work.chron.com/code-ethics-human-service-workers-8132.html

Learning Chinese: A fashionable trend Essay

Learning mandarin has caught the attention of millions of people, emerging as a new must have language in many Asian countries, Europe and the USA, having many desperately trying to master one of the world’s hardest languages. Mandarin is seen as a key skill for people hitching their futures to China’s economic rise, bringing huge benefits and advantages. Since English is spoken so universally, it no longer offers companies and employees the edge it once did. As China is rising, the world is embracing Mandarin, where it is spoken by one out of every six people on earth. In South Korea, there was an increase of 66% over the past five years of students learning the Chinese language. Japanese secondary schools have also been offering mandarin courses, the most taught foreign language after English. Moreover, Thailand’s Ministry of Education has decided to include Mandarin education in all high schools starting 2008, and later on planning to expand it to junior high and elementary. Chinese is daunting to learn for many, because of the tones used in speech, and the thousands of characters that must be memorized to be considered literate. Nevertheless, this has created a flourish in language centers, educational programs and improvement of electronic dictionaries teaching mandarin, as several countries such as the U.S just don’t have enough trained mandarin teachers. â€Å"The level of interest is high, but the level of expertise is low,† says Scott Mc Ginnis, an academic adviser at the Defense language Institute in Washington. The Chinese language was once discriminated against during the Cold War, being considered the language of the enemy. Right wing governments in Asian countries feared their regime would be toppled by the spread of communism. However, there are no longer any prejudices against the language, and even considered fashionable. Many teenagers have used pop icons as an inspiration for learning the Chinese language, in hopes of decoding what is said during popular watched soaps and songs lyrics. â€Å"Since Chinese is the language spoken by the largest population, in addition to many markets which have flourished in China, learning Mandarin would be a great benefit, since its is expected for China to become a hub for the future economy,† commented Yeh, a Taiwanese 8th grader, fortunately having Chinese as her mother tongue.image00.png As China’s economic clout grows, learning Mandarin offers a strategic advantage such as reducing misunderstandings. Even though many predict it wouldn’t overtake English as the common language, mastering the language would provide an edge in the 21st century. America Losing Its Dominanceimage01.png The U.S has steadily begun to lose its dominance in areas such as science, and innovation against Europe and Asian countries such as Japan, China, Singapore and Taiwan. Foreign advances in science often exceed America’s, as industrializing countries are catching up aggressively. David Baltimore, president of the California Institute of Technology and a 1975 Nobel laureate in Medicine, puts it bluntly: â€Å"We can’t hope to keep intact our standard of living, our national security, our way of life, if Americans aren’t competitive in science. Period.† European scientists have been making vast achievements, such as detecting methane in the atmosphere of planet Mars. In addition, Asia has been growing technology and innovative wise, seeing output number of papers skyrocketing to a peak. The stance that America has in the scientific world is being shaken, competed and rivaled by foreigners. Even though many say President Bush is to blame by failing to provide enough money for research, the charge has been denied, stating that research budgets during the Bush administrations have been higher than ever before. image02.png The numbers of doctorates and scientists have been falling drastically these previous years according to Dr. Hicks of Georgia Tech. Scientific papers have been falling by 10% due to rising foreign competition, and also a brain drain crisis. The number of doctoral students from China, India and Taiwan planning to stay in the United States began to fall by the hundreds, returning to their own countries. These numbers are significant since researchers from foreign countries account for more than a quarter of industrial patents awarded each year in the U.S. â€Å"After the September 11 crisis, and tightening security on visas, I no longer want to go to the U.S for higher education as it is complicated, and would rather go elsewhere†. Taiwan and Singapore are surging way ahead of the U.S in electronics, and China rapidly growing on medical apparatus. These cause fewer skilled jobs in America, and a decrease of discoveries and innovations. Several private groups in Washington have begun to promote industrial vigor, and agitate for action in order for the U.S to have a place in the scientific society. Since science and technology are key to economic growth and prosperity, Jennifer Bond, the U.S. council’s vice president for international affairs stated, â€Å"They’re [foreign countries] catching up to us,† warning Americans not to â€Å"rest on our laurels.†

Transformative learning is a process of examining

The hope for a higher pay and better life style can stand for one of the factors act uponing grownups to prosecute a post-secondary instruction. Surveies have indicated a correlativity between higher degrees of instruction and success in the work force. Success can intend many things, but a common manner to mensurate success is through income. A College Board publication ( 2005 ) shows the typical twelvemonth unit of ammunition working employee keeping a Bachelor ‘s grade earns 62 % more than the typical twelvemonth unit of ammunition working employee who holds merely a high school sheepskin. Surveies indicate the higher the instruction, the person is better prepared and successful in the work force ( College Board, 2005 ) . In the yesteryear, grownups desiring to prosecute a higher instruction had to get the better of different barriers or give up the chase. Technology has enabled persons to prosecute their instruction extinguishing the demand to run into agendas of the establishment. While engineering has enabled grownups to happen a manner to prosecute a higher instruction, some possible barriers may be such as other duties, household committednesss, fundss, and low assurance. The challenge for organisations, module, and advisers requires the ability to acknowledge and find challenges and issues impacting the pupils. Adult pupils are cognizant of his or her demand to cognize, others are unable to separate between preferable and required. Students exposing a deficiency of assurance or respect issues can be the consequence of antecedently negative experiences. These grownups may hold the desire to obtain a higher instruction but require universities and advisers to supply appropriate construction, methodological analysis, and communications to help the grownups to transform into the acquisition environment. Determining the construct or theory advancing a positive acquisition experience for pupils depends on assorted factors. Learning theories are constructs depicting the grownup larning procedure this includes the processing information. Some of the theories discuss alterations in behaviour and attitude along with manage new information. Some of the acquisition theories come from two different subjects. The subjects of psychological science and grownup instruction have been responsible for theories such as transformational theory. Transformative Learning Theory Mezirow ‘s Transformative Theory discusses the procedure in which pupils learn and apply life experiences to the cognition. The transmutation theory has two different attacks to acquisition: 1. Instrumental larning i Controlling and pull stringsing the acquisition environment 2. Communicative larning i Understanding what another single communicates to another person Transformation theory has similarities with other theories such as experiential acquisition and andragogy. The cardinal elements of Mezirow ‘ theory included: 1. Analysis i Identify the job Mezirow stated grownups learn through contemplation and reading of new experiences. 2. Interpretation i Determine the credibleness Critics believed this theory as it was excessively shockable on the person and non the other factors, which dictate on whether or non transmutation could be possible ( Merriam, 2004 ) . The theory eludes variables such as larning contexts, pupils, and pedagogues. 3. Self-regulation i Comprehension and Maintain Open Mind Mezirowis theory uses the â€Å" disorientating quandary † to reflect and readings of new experience. 4. Inference i Merriam argued the alteration in the grownup larning processed resulted from a degree of development and cognitive development ( Merriam, 2004 ) 5. Explanation i Establish the dependability of readings 6. Evaluation i Supplying a important or boarder image of the situation/problem Reviewing the grownup larning procedure and the relationship to adult behavioural public presentation and alteration is a critical subject for both bookmans and practicians. Mezirowistated pupils go through a province of contemplation for job resolution. The contemplation involves the review of premises acquired through cultural assimilation in childhood ( Mezirow, 1991 ) . Mezirow recognizes three types of contemplation in the transmutation procedure: 1. Contented Contemplation: Persons reflect on job by the capable affair or account. 2. Procedure Contemplation: Involves schemes to work out the job instead than the content of the job. 3. Premise Contemplation: Questions the significance of the job by the followers: a. Theory b. Point of views c. Principles The development of transmutation occurs when the contemplation leads to awareness in a antecedently held misconception or position, reevaluate, and revised the point of views ( Cranton, 1994 ) . Reappraisal of Literature Cranton ( 2006 ) defined the transformative acquisition theory as, â€Å" a procedure of going aware of one ‘s premises and revising these premises † ( p. 730 ) . Cranton ( 2006 ) explains teachers can hold preconceived premises steering instruction patterns. Cranton ( 2006 ) described big pupils â€Å" as transformative scholars, they question their positions, open up new ways of looking at their pattern, revise their positions, and act based on new positions † ( p. 14 ) . Mezirow ( 1997 ) cautiousnesss adult pupils â€Å" need pattern in acknowledging frames of mention and utilizing their imaginativenesss to redefine jobs from a different position † ( p. 10 ) . Laffey, Lin, & A ; Lin ( 2006 ) list several foundational elements to successful learning environment including actuating the pupils. Motivation will help development of other foundational elements such as honestness, reactivity, and regard ( Laffey, Lin, & A ; Lin, 2006 ) . Achieving success in the acquisition environment requires set uping a foundation of on each component. Students need motive, a ground to alter. If they see nil incorrect with the position quo, they will be less receptive to the thought of alteration and possibly fearful of what is to come. If the pupils challenge antecedently held beliefs by spread outing their cognition base with new information, this is the transmutation to going a critical mind ( Brookfield, 2005 ) . Tucker ( 2005 ) stated ratings conducted on possible pupils and pupils with particular demands to find their demands in chase of a higher instruction advancing academic success. Wadsworth, iHusman, iDuggan, iPenningtoni ( 2007 ) survey evaluated the demands of the pupils whether to the pupil ‘s advantage or disadvantage. The research workers indicated finding the demands of the pupils can be distinguish ( Wadsworth, 2007 ) . Duarte and Snyder ( 2001 ) survey experienced the similar success and failure when trying to set up the demands of the pupils. The findings reflect pupil demands require communicating, coaction, and understanding demand in a positive acquisition environment. The deficiency of interaction can hold negative impacts within the larning environment such as the loss of pupil involvement and motive. Learning and learning manners need to develop and keep motive and communicating within the acquisition environment. Adult pupils get certain positions from instruction and life experiences to find if an teacher is accessible. Mezirow describes this point of view as constructions of premises, associating to experiences. The old experiences serve as a acquisition component pupils will use to future experiences or scenarios ( Mezirow, 1994 ) . Alan Roper emphasized the importance preparation needed for teachers to place and help the pupils and his or her demands to be successful. Bulger and Watson ( 2006 ) supported Roperis research ( 2006 ) bespeaking the demand for developing to back up pupil issues. Connection between preparation and alterations may help in minimising and extinguishing challenges or issues found within the acquisition environment. Some pupils resist larning if the information contradicts personal beliefs, biass, and premises ( Mezirow, 1994 ) . The teacher ‘s challenge is advancing a proactive attack guiding and actuating pupils to new information. Motivation is endeavor for teachers to dispute and promote pupils in a acquisition environment. Different methods of motive required for each pupil because of the alone personalities. The aid of a qualified teacher may advance pupil academic success. Ineffective pattern of the teacher can endanger the acquisition environment and advance a negative acquisition experience for the grownup pupils. The teacher establishes the phase for transformative acquisition by functioning as a function theoretical account. The teacher demonstrates a willingness to larn and alter by spread outing and intensifying understanding and positions of course of study and acquisition manners ( Cranton, 1994 ) . Application The influence of diverse civilizations in America has meant an escalation of diverseness at establishments. Transforming the acquisition environment requires a diversified mentality. The pull offing diverseness mentality maps as an internal regulator that keeps beliefs and actions consistent ( Loden, 1996 ) . Promoting a positive acquisition environment requires a diverseness mentality doing the ethical committedness needed to do the appropriate picks and take appropriate actions for the right grounds ( Loden, 1996 ) . This mentality is an attitudinal province achieved through womb-to-tomb acquisition, personal investing, and uninterrupted self-reformation ( Loden, 2006 ) . A pull offing diverseness mentality can non be mimicked, but instruction each person ( Loden, 1996 ) . Loden ( 1996 ) points out four basic beliefs that form the foundation for this mentality: 1. Valuing diverseness requires long-run civilization alteration 2. Valuing diverseness is good for organisations and pupils. 3. Valuing diverseness realisation must be comprehensive, non limited. 4. Valuing diverseness benefits all and sundry ( p. 64 ) Understanding these beliefs is cardinal in deriving a diverseness mentality. Pull offing diverseness in the acquisition environment challenges the attitudes and premises ( Loden, 1996 ) . Diverseness can be a beginning of uncomfortableness for many persons when introduced. Diversity is non merely the duty of the teacher to encompass and implement, diverseness is the duty all stakeholders ( Thomas & A ; Woodruff, 1999 ) . If diverseness is to boom within the acquisition environment, all stakeholders must encompass diverseness exceed down ( Thomas & A ; Woodruff, 1999 ) . Components of the alteration agent require lucidity of motive, constructs, consistence, stressing instruction, and pupil engagement. A cultural apprehension becomes particularly of import in times of transformational enterprises ( Brock, 2010 ) . Percepts of leading, direction manner, and public presentation are interrelated within organisational civilization and public presentation ( Mehra, Dixon, Brass, & A ; Robertson, 2006 ) . The silent premises at the nucleus of organisational civilization manifest at many unconsciousness degrees ( Brock, 2010 ) . Diversity emphasizes inclusion and common regard giving hope to pupils believed marginalized or excluded. Diversity can act upon motive and invention meeting the universal demand for inclusion and regard among pupils and teachers, which improves productiveness, satisfaction, and academic growing. Greenberg ( 2006 ) provinces organisations with constructive diverseness civilizations realize much higher degrees of motive, teamwork, satisfaction, quality, and pupil growing. Accountability supplies teachers with the information required to make and supervise pupil public presentation. The teacher can supervise influence on the pupil larning accomplishments recognizing the end of transitional acquisition to go autonomous. The pupil should be shown how to take answerability for his or her acquisition, resources, ends, and rating ( Paul & A ; Elder, 2002 ) . The transformational acquisition focal points on the fact teachers should concentrate on naming the demands and capablenesss of their pupils. The teachers diagnose pupils ‘ demands and attend to them separately. In order for transmutation to happen for a pupil, teachers should make an environment of coaction and communicating. Teachers should make an environment exciting the pupil ‘s ability to apologize and contemplate their development for perceptual experiences and point of views of his or her ain rules. Communication and trust between the teacher and pupil can advance an environment of trust, openness, and positive acquisition environment. This coaction presents an exchange of information back and for the between the teachers and the pupils. Mezirow stated, iTransformative acquisition addressesidirect interventioni ( 2003, p. 62 ) by the teacher. Enhancing communicating between pupils and teacher requires a written communicating program advancing a positive acquisition environment. 1. Communication occurs through address, composing, preparation, Internet, and assorted other signifiers 2. Communicate alterations, every bit fleetly as possible 3. Supply clip for inquiries and reply Sessionss 4. Communicate the outlooks and the aims 5. Communication is a bipartisan conversation between teacher and pupils 6. Communication should be practical and positive. Teachers will train, rede, and supply feedback for usage in the academic development of the pupils. Teachers will raise the demands and assurance degrees of the pupils to take on increased answerability. The pupil ‘s duty does non merely cover his or her educational ends but to increase pupil public presentation. Students are taking greater duty for their academic development will use to personal state of affairss. The primary apprehensiveness with positive support should use invariably and carefully. Therefore, the teacher must keep frequent communicating with the pupils. Communication is critical in any environment to carry through undertakings and aims. The interaction between the teacher and pupil builds the relationship and trust demand in advancing the acquisition environment ( Lamb & A ; Johnson, 2008 ) . Motivating communicating within the schoolroom to advance instructor/student interaction can include: 1. Asking inquiries to get pupil ideas and apprehension ; 2. Instructor provides personal experiences ; 3. Participate in treatments, reading, and explicate penetrations on subjects ; 4. Supply illustrations and explicate how class constructs applied to personal or professional life. The deficiency of planning and pull offing a diverse pupil organic structure can be a challenge for any teacher if there is a deficiency of apprehension of varied fortunes and experiences. Today ‘s society organisations and pedagogues have an duty the stakeholders, community, and pupils to understand the demands of the pupils. Organizations and teachers can utilize the four beds of diverseness tool to take to an apprehension of the pupils. The four beds of diverseness tool consist of the followers: 1. Personality: Singularity 2. Internal dimension: Age, gender, and cultural group 3. External constituent: Geographic location, pecuniary issues, divinity, instruction, employment, and matrimonial position 4. Organizational dimension: Curriculum, location, background Each component has distinctiveness to help in acknowledging persons in an mixture of ethnicities ( Lamb & A ; Johnson, 2008 ) . Achieving achievement or failure is dependent upon the combined attempts of the teachers and pupils. Developing trust is critical activity in the interaction between the teacher and pupil relationship. The ability of the teacher to place the demands of the pupils may depend on his or her ability to accommodate to alterations within the acquisition environment ( Roper, 2007 ) . The effects of the deficiency of preparation may in pupils falling behind, losing deadlines, or even failure of finishing the assignment ( Shils, 2008 ) . Organizations, course of study interior decorators, and pedagogues will necessitate to concentrate on idea out determinations, thereby accomplishing pupil demands and class outlooks. Curriculum planning can do the success or failure of the attempts of the teachers and pupils in accomplishing success in the acquisition environment. Bishop ( 2006 ) investigated jobs related to pupil answerability and challenges cut downing pupil failure. Enforcing curriculum constituents without integrating planning can endanger academic planning and pupil keeping ( Bishop, 2006 ) . Problems and challenges identified in a structured planning procedure should be resolved prior to curriculum alterations occur. Proper planning implements good decision-making and prevent possible failure after execution. Planing determines outlooks and set uping clear aims supplying elucidation to the pupils. The aims are action points to help in finding the intended ends to be accomplished within the determination devising procedure. Charting possible results and declarations in the planning phase will help in meeting desired results and aims. Recommended methodological analysiss for accomplishing aims: 1. Reding Methods i Student rating, end appraisals, and pupil reding 2. Best Practices i Ideas and alterations recommended for execution 3. Professional development i Instructor preparation 4. Specialized preparation iSpecific needs needed for successful acquisition ( Bishop, 2006 ) If effectual patterns are non evaluated, revised, and modified could endanger pupil success. If the pupils lack proper way, this can take to pupils developing their ain uneffective techniques. Instructor under qualified to help pupils, the deficiency of makings will make farther defeat and troubles for the pupils. If qualified teachers successfully address issues impacting pupils, this action can advance motive, involvement, and autonomy. Effective behavior alteration tactics can reenforce wanted behaviours and take unwanted behaviours by communicating. Facilitating positive acquisition accomplishments will advance positive behaviours and answerability by pupils. If the pupils maintain duty for their instruction such as keeping motive and positive attitude promotes a positive acquisition environment. The outlooks intended to help in understanding the demands of grownup scholars in the acquisition environment. The pedagogues need to set their behaviour and attack to the acquisition environment. The function of the teacher becomes a facilitator of acquisition, and a accelerator for pupils to incorporate larning with new, theoretical, and conceptual acquisition ( Duarte & A ; Snyder, 2001, p. 75 ) . Teachers should further the growing of the learnersi ability for identify and inquiry antecedently held beliefs and sentiments. Baumgartner stated, iTransformational acquisition is non an independent act but is an interdependent relationship built on trust ( 2001 ) . Mezirow states iTransformative larning addressesidirect interventioni by the facilitator ( 2003, p. 62 ) . The way for pupils to go critical minds involves: 1. Validation of the information i Understanding if the information offsets the cost and if the information has real-life application. 2. Develop autonomy to larning – Adults take duty for larning. 3. Use background of experience as a resource i Using background information as a foundation for application of new information. 4. Motivation i Adults learn by extrinsic and intrinsic incentives. When grownups accept and desire larning new stuff, use to life state of affairss. The demand to larn must happen prior to application to take topographic point. 5. Goals i Adults get down the acquisition experience achieve specific ends. The research conducted implies motive is important because of its deduction as a determiner of public presentation and its unsubstantial nature. Motivation can animate pupils to better, addition, and achieve academic ends ( Wadsworth, 2007 ) . When motivated, pupils display positive behavioural traits in the class and mentality. Alderferis theory implies motive will oblige a pupil to bring forth resourceful or constructive actions on personally and the acquisition environment ( Huitt, 2004 ) . Recommendations Teachers patterning effectual instruction accept the duty of maintaining treatments on path ; contribute experiences, cognition, and penetrations. The creative activity of a acquisition environment transformed in making a autonomous class does non happen overnight but requires clip, cooperation, and support. When pupils are witting of teacher ‘s reliable involvement in him or her, he or she will move in response in sort. In this type of milieus, pupils assist in doing suggestions and decision-making in their instruction. Teachers need to expose forbearance and understanding with pupils in the acquisition environment. If teachers reminisce about their ain journey to obtain an instruction, they demonstrate an apprehension to their pupil ‘s journeyiin accomplishing his or her ends in instruction. The building an enhanced acquisition environment should be the purpose every teacher should endeavor to achieve. Promoting and jointing class ends, pedagogues need to promote pupils to presume duty of their instruction. The coaction between the teacher and pupils will actuate and help pupils make self-discovery. In order for pupils to develop the acquisition accomplishments for success, requires a changeless reappraisal and alteration of learning manners. Flexibility and alteration of learning methods must be a demand for teachers to run into the demands of the pupils. Decision Dewey ( 1938 ) noted, without proper contemplation and way these pupils to their ain attack to larning endangering academic success. Teachers need to stay painstaking in measuring and implementing grownup larning theories into his or her patterns. Understanding the function of teachers affects the acquisition on pupils and professional business ( Brock, 2010 ) . Transformation larning theory identifies there is no individual attack to run into the demands of all pupils ; flexibleness is required as each pupil is alone. Education does non happen within the confines of a schoolroom, despite a common misunderstanding of an instruction. The boundaries of an instruction expand to every facet in an person ‘s mundane state of affairss ( Gutek, 2004 ) . Education is a womb-to-tomb procedure, spread outing the skylines of one ‘s cognition. Education is biased merely to those who prefer to populate in ignorance, the transmutation occurs when pupil understands there is more to life than misguided impression and attitudes.